What Percentage of the Worlds Meat Is Beef
Global Geography of Meat (and Fish) Consumption
[This mail was originally published in March 2013]
To follow upwardly on my earlier mail on the geography of milk consumption, allow's consider the global patterns of where and to what extent meat, poultry, and fish are consumed. As the map of worldwide meat consumption per capita posted on the left indicates, a significant gap separates "carnivorous" and "non-carnivorous" countries, as an average person in a country from the everyman category consumes 10 times less meat than a person from a country in the highest category, such the The states, Australia, New Zealand, or Spain*. Overall, the Americas, Commonwealth of australia, and Europe swallow more meat per capita than other parts of the world, though differences in consumption be even inside those large regions. For example, in South America, Argentineans, Chileans, and Brazilians eat more meat than Peruvians; similarly, Western Europeans eat more flesh than Eastern Europeans. With a few exceptions, Africa, the Eye E, Southward and Southeast Asia form the least carnivorous areas.
It is often suggested that the levels of meat consumption correlate with the overall economic development of a given country. A juxtaposition of the meat consumption map (on the top) and the Gross domestic product per capita map (on the bottom) confirms such a correlation: people in richer countries tin can afford to consume more meat than those in poorer countries. Even so, discrepancies here are instructive equally well. For example, Brazilians and Venezuelans swallow far more meat than would exist expected on the ground of per capita GDP. (My friend who lived in Brazil for xx years speaks oftentimes of the meat-and-potatoes eating habits of her Brazilian in-laws.) Similarly, Gabon in cardinal Africa consumes more meat than would be expected, as does Mongolia, where meat has e'er constituted a meaning office of the diet. Turks, Romanians, and Belarusians likewise eat more meat than might be assumed on the basis of their Gross domestic product levels. Exceptions to the GDP/meat consumption correlation can be plant in the opposite management as well, with 3 clusters worldwide. First, relatively well-off Due south Africa and Botswana swallow piffling meat. Second, Great socialist people's libyan arab jamahiriya and Sultanate of oman both rank high in terms of Gdp, but have limited meat consumption; the wealth in those countries comes primarily from oil production and export and is therefore distributed quite unevenly, and the few extremely rich people can but consume so much meat. Finally, a pregnant number of countries with a high GDP merely low levels of meat consumptions tin exist establish in E and Southeast Asia. In particular, Nihon, South Korea, Malaysia, Singapore, and Taiwan (treated past these maps as a separate land) consume less meat than would be expected based on their GDP.
An boilerplate Japanese person eats only a third of the amount of meat consumed by an average American. This discrepancy clearly stems from cultural rather than economical factors. According to some scholars, the Japanese nutrition e'er relied mainly on grains, vegetables, seaweeds, and fish, with poultry and mammal flesh consumed in slight amounts. The advent of Buddhism placed an even stronger taboo on eating of "four-legged creatures", which were considered unclean, something to be avoided by personal choice through the Edo Period. Some types of meat, all the same, such as the flesh of wild birds, hares, and whales, were regarded every bit acceptable. Cerise meat was popularized in the modern period, and dishes like shabu-shabu and teppan-yaki are unremarkably eaten in Japan today.
Cultural practices are as well the crucial gene in determining what types of meat are eaten in different places. As can be seen from the nautical chart on the left, pork has been the virtually widely consumed kind of meat globally. Beef used to be a close 2d, just its relative prominence on the global plate has macerated profoundly over the last half-century. Poultry, however, is consumed in growing quantities, both in absolute and relative terms, whereas the consumption of lamb, mutton, and other "miscellaneous" types of meat remains marginal yet stable.
Withal this overall distribution of meat types does not hold everywhere: both Islam and Judaism prohibit the consumption of pork, and Hindus do non eat beef/veal, so the countries where these religions are widespread rely on other types of meat, or eat little of information technology at all. In fact, the only Muslim countries with relatively high overall meat consumption are the United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and Kazakhstan. All of those countries, except Kazakhstan, have relatively high levels of Gdp, which, as we take seen higher up, often correlates with higher levels of meat consumption. Kazakhs traditionally were herders who raised fatty-tailed sheep, Bactrian camels, and horses, relying on these animals for transportation, clothing, and food. Mutton withal predominates, but beef, horsemeat, goat meat, and even poultry are used as well. Because of their traditional nomadic lifestyle, the Kazakhs developed many ways to preserve meat products, such as sausages made from horsemeat (eastward.g. kazy), mutton fat, and fifty-fifty mutton liver. Other organ meats—lungs, liver, brains, natural language—are commonly used too; kidneys are particularly valued. As well pop are dishes containing dough in combination with some type of meat: either apartment, fettuccini-like pasta with pieces of meat (traditional Kazakh dishes do not employ ground meat) or boiled, fried, or baked meat-stuffed pastas and pasties.
In contrast, in the New Earth beef predominates, specially in the earth's top beefiness-eating countries: the US, Canada, Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay, Australia, and New Zealand. An average resident of those counties consumes over 70 pounds of beefiness annually. In contrast, an average Chinese, Moroccan, or Iranian person eats less than xv pounds of beef a year. Curiously, Poles find themselves in the same depression beefiness consumption category, as a lot more pork than beefiness is consumed in Poland. Europeans in full general eat relatively more pork and less beef than North Americans (see the chart below).
Equally can be seen from the chart on the left, beefiness is now less common on the American plate than poultry (mostly chicken). The popularity of chicken has been rising steadily, as the dietary concerns of many Americans are shifting from shortage of protein to excess cholesterol. In 1960, an boilerplate American consumed 25 pounds of poultry a year (including Thanksgiving turkey!), whereas by 2000 this figure had grown nearly 3-fold. There is skilful reason why Americans joke about foods that "gustatory modality like chicken".
The same tendency is establish elsewhere in the developed world, including Canada, the European Spousal relationship, Russia, Ukraine, and S Africa; only Australians eat every bit much beef equally poultry, by weight, as shown in the nautical chart on the left.
While the geographical patterns in the consumption of various types of meat are governed by cultural factors, the global patterns of fish eating (illustrated in the 2006 map from Food and Agriculture Organization of the Un, reproduced on the left) are even more strongly influenced by cultural factors. Even among countries in the top fish-consuming category in this map, there are significant disparities equally to how much fish is eaten: according to the information from Food and Agronomics Organisation of the United nations for 2011, an boilerplate Japanese person eats three times more fish than an boilerplate American or Brit, while residents of Republic of the maldives eat nearly three times more fish than the Japanese.
As can exist seen from a juxtaposition of meat and fish consumption maps on the left, globally fish consumption does not complement or supplement meat consumption. Many of the countries in the pinnacle "carnivorous" category—Usa, Spain, Australia, and New Zealand—are also in the height fish-eating category, consuming more than 20 pounds of fish per capita annually. Canada and nigh countries in Western and Northern Europe also swallow a lot of meat, as well as fish. All the same, meat-loving Argentineans and Brazilians eat relatively piffling fish, less than 10 pounds a year.
A somewhat different mode to look at this is presented in the map on the left which depicts the percentage of animal proteins consumed in the form of fish. This map highlights the of import role that fish plays in East and Southeast Asia, as well equally in West and Cardinal Africa. While people in this African region consume much less fish in absolute per capita numbers than those in the Asian region, fish is just every bit important a source of nutrition for the Congolese and the Tanzanians as it is for the Japanese or the Indonesians.
Predictably, virtually of the world's landlocked countries fall into the to the lowest degree fish-eating category, with the exceptions of Lao people's democratic republic, Belarus, Czech Democracy, Austria, and Switzerland, which consume betwixt 10 and 20 pounds of fish per capita annually. Laos finds itself in the Eastward and Southeast Asian fish-eating cake, where large amounts of sea and fresh-water creatures are eaten, partially for economic reasons (especially past poorer populations) and partially for religious reasons (as discussed higher up, Buddhism regards fish as much more acceptable than the flesh of warm-blooded creatures). The role of cultural factors rather than merely availability and costs in determining how much fish is consumed is particularly clear if we consider European countries. Moving from west to eastward, peoples of Atlantic Europe—Portuguese, Spanish, French, the Dutch and the Brits—likewise as Scandinavians, Italians, and Greeks predictably swallow a lot of fish. Even within those countries, fish is more than pop in coastal areas and port cities, such as Galicia in northwestern Spain and Venice, who cuisine is based on sea creatures from the Venetian Lagoon. Peoples of Central Europe, particularly the Germans, Austrians, and Czechs observe themselves in the medium category. Simply peoples of Eastern Europe outside the former Soviet Union—Poles, Slovaks, Romanians, and the South Slavs—swallow the least fish. Baltic- and Slavic-speaking peoples of the former USSR are once more in the medium fish-consumption category (except Lithuanians who swallow more than 20 pounds of fish annually), while in other former Soviet republics fish consumption is low. Thus, landlocked Republic of belarus consumes more than fish than Baltic-facing Poland, and landlocked Switzerland more than Albania on the Mediterranean coast.
Unfortunately, it is not clear what is included in the "fish" category, and figures may differ significantly depending on whether shellfish and other types of non-fish seafood are included. Presumably, freshwater also as saltwater fish are counted; otherwise the high-consumptions levels found in such poor, landlocked countries equally Laos and Belarus would be inexplicable. In Russian federation too, freshwater fish is still extremely important; saltwater fish became common but during the Soviet times. Traditionally, freshwater species such as sturgeon, superhighway, eel, carp, ruffe, zander, Coregonus, and European perch, were well-nigh ordinarily eaten, which is hands explained by the fact that Russian federation was landlocked for nearly of its history; numerous wars were fought by Russian federation over access to sea. The simply grouping that had regular access to saltwater fish were the Pomor, who both fished at sea and bought fish from Norwegians. Traditional Russian fish dishes include fish soups (e.g. ukha and solyanka) and fish in aspic, too equally fish that is boiled, steamed, stewed in sour cream, baked whole or fried in concoction. Fish stroganina is commonly eaten in Siberia. Though it has get very mutual in the last several decades, smoked fish was non traditionally eaten before the Russian Revolution.
Elsewhere, countries that consume large quantities of fish include Peru, Guyana, and French Guiana in South America; Gabon, Ghana, and Senegal in Africa; Oman, United Arab Emirates and Qatar in the Gulf region. More than mostly, countries along the western declension of both South America and Africa consume more than fish than their counterparts forth the eastern shores, regardless of GDP or meat consumption patterns. To some extent, this is a feature of body of water currents, as the Humboldt Current off the w coast of South America and the Namib Current off the coast of southwestern Africa produce particularly rich fisheries.
The last gear up of maps focuses on the United States. As tin be seen from the top map, "cannibal" eating habits are not distributed evenly over the country. The most meat per capita is consumed in central Texas, urban California, the Chicago metropolitan surface area, northern Georgia, and in the mid-Atlantic area. While overall meat consumption tends to correlate with urban areas, city dwellers in the Pacific Northwest—particularly, those in Portland and Seattle—consume much less meat; Bostonians eat even less. While I was unable to find a respective fish consumption map, information technology is interesting to compare the US meat/poultry eating map with that of fruit and vegetable consumption. The same areas where most meat is eaten as well swallow the most fruits and vegetables, over 190 pounds per capita per year. While some of the fruit/vegetable consumption patterns are explained in part by the geography of agronomics, I am particularly surprised as to how little fruit- and vegetable-based nutrient is eaten in the U.S. South, where many crops in this category can be easily grown. However over again, cultural features play a prominent role.
But maps of dietary habits tin can help explain some of the spatial patterns of obesity and diabetes in the Us, every bit seen in the maps on the left, which are based on recent CDC information.
___________________
* Unfortunately, the maps reproduced here do not indicate the yr in which the data were gathered, merely since all pertain to the last decade, interesting conclusions tin be drawn.
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